Perhaps it would be better to address parentheses as parts of sentences before discussing the punctuation involved; it can be confusing that the word has such a dual role. At http://josecarilloforum.com/forum/index.php?topic=459.msg1503#msg1503 is:
... information ... set off by the punctuation marks — whether by commas, dashes, or parentheses — is called a parenthetical [or simply parenthesis, EA], and its distinguishing characteristic is that the sentence remains grammatically and semantically correct [and felicitous] [disregarding minor tweaks of a/an conversion and punctuation] even without it. A parenthetical is basically added information; however, it isn’t necessarily optional or semantically expendable. It may be needed to put the statement in a desired context, to establish the logic of the sentence, or to convey a particular tone or mood for the statement. In fact, the punctuation chosen for a parenthetical largely determines its optionality or importance to the statement.
Carillo goes on to discuss the choice of commas, dashes, or parentheses to set off parentheses (parentheticals). He may be over-analytical; it is true, however, that commas signal the least abrupt interruption to the matrix sentence (apart from zero punctuation, which can be used in the odd example) and dashes the most abrupt.
Mark Nichol (at http://www.dailywritingtips.com/8-types-of-parenthetical-phrases/ ) discusses different uses of parentheticals, though parentheses would not be preferred over commas say for all types in all situations.
Nowadays, there is a move towards minimal punctuation, and zero offsetting punctuation around a parenthetical where confusion isn't introduced is a real option:
This flows more smoothly than
But either is acceptable. The version using brackets
looks ungainly; the conditional clause does not merit such emphasis.
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